NOUN
Noun is the name of a person, thing ,animal or idea. Like Ram, happiness ,chain etc
Noun can be classified into four groups.
Which are as follows
1.Proper noun
2.Common noun
3.Collective noun
4.Material noun
(1)Proper Noun : Proper noun denotes a particular person, place or thing.
For Ex- India, Kolkata ,Ramesh, the ganga etc
(2)Common Noun: common noun is the name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind
For Ex- table, glass, town, king etc
(3)Collective noun: Collective noun denotes a group or collection of similar individuals considered as one complete whole
Sum of the collective nouns are given below
A band of musicians
A board of directors etc
A bavy of girls, woman, officers etc
A bunch of grapes kiys etc
A bundle of sticks and hay
A Caravan of merchants pilgrims travellers
A chain/range of mountains or hills
A choir of singers
A class of students
A retinue of servants/ attendants
A clump/grove tree
A code of laws
A cluster/constellation/galaxy of stars
A company/regiment/army of soldiers
A convoy of ships,cars etc
A course of lectures
A crew of sailors
A crowed/mob of people
A carriculum of students
A flight of steps, stairs
A fleet of ships
A flock of sheep
A gang of robbers
A bunch/bouquet of flowers
A heap of ruins,sand,stones
A herd of cattls
A litter of puppies
A pack of cards
A pair of shoes etc
A series of events
A sheaf of arrows
A swarm of ants
A train of followers
A troop of horses
A volley of bullets
A forum of people
A congregation of people
(4)Material Noun: material noun denotes matter or substance of which a thing is made
For Ex-Iron,silver,gold,milk etc
(5)Abstract Noun: An abstract noun is usually the name of quality, action,or state considered apart from the object to which it belongs
For Ex-
Abstract Noun are generally formed from verbs, adjective and common noun
(A) From verbs
(B) From Adjectives
(C) From Common Noun
The Noun-Number (singular/plural)
On the basis of number there are two types of noun
(a)Singular Noun
(b)Plural Noun
Singular noun: A noun that is used to denote a single person or thing called singular noun
For Ex- boy ,girl, man, Bird, tray etc
Plural noun : a noun that is used to denote more than one person or thing is called plural noun
For Ex- boys' girls 'men ,birds, trees etc
There are some rules which must be followed to ensure grammatical accuracy
Rule 1: hyphenated noun does not have plural form
For Ex-(a) he gave me two hundred rupees note (change rupees into rupee)
(b) he is stays in five stars hotels(change stars into star)
Rule 2 : satin nouns/ words are used in colloquial English in India which is wrong as the world is literally translated from English to Hindi
We generally get confused while using the following nouns
How plural is formed
Generally the plurals of nouns are formed by adding 's' to the singular form
For Ex-
Boy - Boys
Girl - Girls
Film - Flims
Bird - Birds
Desk - Desks
Book - Books
Ship - Ships
Pencil - Pencils
But there are some rules of changing singular nouns into plural ones
Rule 1 : If -s,-ss,-sh,-ch,-x and -z are the last letters of noun,put -es to the end to make them plural
But, in case of stomach (pronouned as stomach), Monarch (pronouned as monark) only s is needed at their end to make them plural
Stomach Stomachs
Monarch Monarchs
Rule 2 :there is -O in the end of a noun,put -es to the end for plural
There are some exceptions where only -S is needed for a plural one in -O ending nouns
Rule 3: If there are double vowels to the end of noun, put only -S to the end of that noun for plural
Rule 4: If -y is the last letter of a noun and that -y is preceded by a constant,then change y into ies for the plural forms
Rule 5: If -y is the last letter of a noun and that -y is preceded by a vowel, put only -S to the end of that noun for plural
Rule 6 : If -f or -fe are the last letter of a noun, Then change -f or -fe into ves
Yet, there are some exceptions to this rule, such as
Rule 7: It is found that a few nouns form their plural by changing the inside vowels of the singular form
Rule 8: There are few nouns that form their plural by adding en to the singular
Rule 9: There are some nouns which have their singular and plural forms alike
Rule 10 : There are some nouns which are only used in the plural. They take plural verb with them.
Name of instruments which have two parts forming a kind of pairs
For Ex-ballows,spectacles, scissors,tongs etc
Name of certain articles of dress For Ex-trousers,breeches,drawers etc
Certain other nouns
For Ex-annals,thanks, proceeds,tidings, Vegitables, troops,odds, particulars, earnings,sweepings etc
Rule 11: there are some plural forms of nouns which are actually singular they take singular verb with them
For Ex- ainnings, mathematics, news, civics, politics, ethics, economics etc
For Ex-mathematics is an easy subject (mathematics is singular number)
If plural looking subjects are particularised or possessed,they becomes as plural nouns
My mathematics are strong
|
Possessed
|
Plural number
The politics of our state are dirty
|
Particularised
|
Plural number
The summons was issued by the magistrate
|
Singular number
Rule 12: The following nouns are always used in singular number
For Ex-scenery, machinery, poetry, stationery, jewellery etc
Rule 13: Certain collective nous, through singular in form are always used as plurals
For Ex-poultry, cattle,vermin, people, gentry, police etc
Rule 14: In compound nouns we make their plural forms only by adding 's' to the main word
Now look at these examples
Rule 15: Noun borrowed from other languages in English have they special rules to change them into plural
Rule 16: some um ending latin noun take only s in plural form
Rule 17: Noun+preposition+the same noun remain always singular in use
For Ex-
Rule 18: The digit , some words and abbreviations take their plural form in the following ways
Rule 19: Some nouns have two meanings in the singular but only one in plural
Rule 20: Some nouns have two forms for the plural,each with a somewhat different meaning
Rule 21: some nouns have one meaning in the singular and more than one in the plural
Rule 22: Some nouns change their meaning when we make them plural
Rule 23:
Abstract Nouns have no plural
For Ex-hope, charity,love, kindness, happiness etc
When such words do appear in the plural,they are used as common nouns
For Ex-kindness=acts of kindness
provocations=instances or cases of provocation
There are also some names of substances or materials which are never used in plurals
They are called material noun
For Ex-copper,ion,time, wood etc
But, when these words are used in the plural they become common nouns and also there meanings are changed
For Ex- Coppers - copper coins
Irons - fetters
Tins - cans made of tin
Woods - forests
The Noun - Gender
In grammer,gender is the sexual classification of nouns
Gender can be divided into 4 catagories
Which are follows
1.Masculine Gender(which denotes male sex)
2.FeminineGender(which denotes female sex)
3.Common Gender(which denotes both male and female)
4.Neuter Gender(which denotes no sex and is used for non-living things)
Rules for changing masculine nouns into feminine nouns
(1)By using different word
For Ex-
(2) By adding syllable (-ess,-ine,-trix,-a etc)
(3) By substuting a feminine word for a masculine in compound words
Again,-ess is added after dropping the vowel of the masculine ending
Note:
Some masculine nouns are used in the common gender
For Ex- actor ,advocate, author ,chairman, doctor, lawyer etc
some feminine nouns are used in the common gender
For Ex- cow, duck, bee
some feminine nouns have no corresponding masculine forms
For Ex- House wife (mistress of the house)
Vergin (an unmarried woman)
Flirt(woman pretending to make love) etc
Some masculine have no corresponding feminine
For Ex-captain,judge, knight,squire
The Noun - Case
Case is a grammatical category which reflects the grammatical function performed by a noun or pronoun in a phrase, clause or sentence
Case are of 4 types
1.Nominative(subjective)
2.Accusative(objective)
3.Possessive
4.Dative
1.Nominativecase: It Noun or Pronoun is used as subject,it is said to be the nominative case
For Ex-
Ram is playing
She is reading a novel
✓ Note:after than pronoun should be used in nominative case
For Ex-shyam is smarter than her(wrong)
shyam is smarter than she (correct)
✓after if pronoun is used in nominative case
For Ex-If I were him I would have come (wrong)
If I were he I would have come (correct)
2.Accusative case: Accusative Case is said to be the one in which noun or pronoun is used as the object
For Ex- she loves him
that is Neelam
✓Note:After let pronoun are used in Accusative case
For Ex- let we go (wrong)
let us go (correct)
✓After preposition pronouns are used in Accusative case
For Ex-Everything is fine between she and I (wrong)
Everything is fine between her and me (correct)
3.Possessive case: If the possession or relation of noun is expressed it is called possessive case
For Ex- Rajeev's book
Aditya's sister
Note: For possessive case,we put -'s(apostrophe)at the end of a singular noun
For Ex-Sanjay's en, Rahul's Car etc
Uses of Possessive case
Use of 'of/'apostrophe' with noun
Apostrophe is used in the following ways to express possession
Living things
For Ex-Mohan's book
A cow's horn
If plural noun ends in 's/es','s' is not added while apostrophe with the plural form
For Ex-child's a play, children's school
working women's hostel
When noun ends in hissing sound,'s' is not added after apostrophe
For Ex- For a piece' sake
For conscience's sake
Apostrophe is not used with possessive pronouns (his,hers,yours,hours,theirs)
For Ex-yours faithfully,yours truly
Apostrophe can come only at the end of the compound nouns
For Ex-Commander in chief's orders
My sun in law's sister
Apostrophe is not used with non living things.we use'of'
For Ex-table's leg(wrong)
leg of table
Exceptions:
When a non living thing is personified
For Ex-sun's fury
nature's love
Nouns related to 'time/weight/place'
For Ex-a day's leave
arm's length
With respectable nouns
For Ex-court's order
At duty's call
With phrases
For Ex-at wit's end
at stone's throw
With heavenly object
For Ex- Earth's atmosphere
(G) Do not use double apostrophe
For Ex- (a) My wife's secretary's mother has expired (wrong)
The mother of my wife's secretary has expired (correct)
(b) Mrs.sharma the society's chairman's proposal was rejected by the members of the society (wrong)
The proposal of Mrs.sharma, the chairperson of society,was rejected by the members of the society (correct)
(H) 's' is used with anybody/ nobody/everybody/somebody/anyone/someone/no one/everyone.
For Ex- (a) Everyone's concern is no one's concern
(b) Everybody's business is nobody's business
If 'else' is used with anybody/nobody etc,'apostrophe'will be used with'else'.
(4) Dative case:It noun or pronoun has been called or addressed it is called Dative case
For Ex-Shivam,go there
Read loudly,priya
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