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Narrations
Definition
When we express someone's words in our own words, it is called "indirect speech" and when we express someone's words as it is, it is called "direct speech"
for example- He said to me I write a letter (direct)
He told me that he wrote a letter (indirect)
Rules for changing "direct speech" into "indirect speech"
- Reporting verb is changed according to the form and since of the sentence
Inerted commas are removed in the indirect speech
Connective word is used in the beginning of the reported speech
Verb of the reported speech is changed according to the form and sense of the sentence
Persons of the reported speech are changed
Words showing nearness ,time or place are changed
for examples: 'yesterday' is changed into "the previous day"
1. Assertive Sentences
Ruls 1: Rules for changing reporting verb
Rule 2: Comma and inverted commas are removed in the indirect speech and connective word 'that' is used in the indirect speech
Rule 3: If reporting verb is written in the present or future tense then the tense of the reported verb is not changed in the indirect speech
Rule 4: Rules for changing "helping verb"
Rule 5: Rules for change of words showing nearness
Rule 6: Pronoun changes according to the following rules
The pronoun of reported speech changes according to the subject and the object of the reporting the pronoun of reported speech changes according to the subject and the object of the reporting verb
Case 1: the first person of reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting verb
Ex: He said "I play cricket" (direct)
He said that he played cricket (indirect)
subject of reported speech "I" ( first person) is changed according to the subject of reporting verb "He" (third person)
Case 2: the second person of reported speech changes according to the object of reporting verbal
Ex: He said to me "you play cricket" (direct)
He told me that I played cricket (indirect)
In the evokes the subject "you" (second person) of reported speech he's changed according to the object of reporting verb "me" (first person)
Case 3: The 3rd person of reported speech remains unchanged
Ex- You said to me "he will play cricket" (direct)
You told me that he will play cricket (indirect)
In the abocus the subject "he" (third person) of reported speech he is not changed
For example
1.He says," I take coffee"(direct)
He says that he takes coffee (indirect)
2.He is saying ,"I was suffering from fever" (direct)
He is saying that he was suffering from fever (indirect)
3.My friend said," I am fine"
My friend said that he was fine
4.She said to me ,"you are right"
She told me that I was right
5.Mohan said," I am doing work"
Mohan said that he was doing work
6.Radha said "I have finished her work"
Radha said that she had finished her work
7.You said to me," I went to Mumbai"
You told me that you had gone to Mumbai
8.He said," I shall bring your book tomorrow"
He said that he would bring my book the next day
9.The teacher said," to me the boy will go on a picnic"
The teacher told me that the boy would go on a picnic
10.He said ,"that man is mortal"
He said that man is mortal
11.You say," I am doing work"
You say that you are doing work
12.I say to him ,"you cannot win the match"
I Tel him that he cannot win the match
13.They say to me," we shall help you"
They tell me that they will help me
14.She says to me," I did not break your pen"
She tells me that she did not break my pen
2.Interrogative sentences
Rule 1: connective word " that " is not used in the indirect speech
Rule 2: reporting verb is change into "ask" or "asked" in the indirect speech
Rule 3: mark of interrogation [?] is removed in the indirect speech
For Example:
1.He said to me,"Are you studying?"
He asked me if I was studying
2.He said to me,"Have you done your work?"
He asked me if I had done my work
3.She said to me,"Do you take tea?"
She asked me if I took tea
4.He said to me,"Did you take lunch?"
He asked me if I had taken lunch
5.she said to me,"Can you do it?"
She asked me if I could do it
7.He said to me,"What are you doing?"
He asked me what I was doing
7.she said to me,"How old are you?"
She asked me how old was
8.He was said to me," Why do you play cricket?"
He asked me why I played cricket
9.she said to me," where do you come from?"
She asked me where I came from
3.Imperative Sentences
Rule 1: reporting verb is changed into -ordered ,requested ,advised, proposed ,suggested or forbade etc
Rule 2: connective word that is not used
Rule 3:'To' is used before the verb of the reported speech
For Example:
1.He said to the servant,"open the door"
He ordered the servant to open the door
2.My father said to me,"study hard"
My father advised me to study hard
3.He said to me,"please give me your pen"
He requested me to give him my pen
4.I said to him,"Let me do it"
I requested him to let me do it
5.I said,"Let me speak first"
I requested to let me speak first
4.Exclamatory and Optative Sentences
Rule 1: Reporting verb is changed into exclaimed with joy or with sorrow or surprise,applauded,wished,prayed etc
Rule 2:Word of exclamation,i.e., Hurry,alas,ah,oh! Etc., are removed
Rule 3: Mark of exclamation (!) is removed
Rule 4: Connective word 'that' is used
For Example:
1.He said,"Alas! I am ruined"
He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined
2.My friend said,"Hurrah! I have won the match"
My friend exclaimed with joy that he had won the match
3.She said,"what a beautiful scenery"
She exclaimed with surprise that it was a very beautiful scenery
4.The caption said,"Bravo! Well done"
The caption applauded saying that they had done well
5.He said,"Good morning boys!"
He wished good morning to boys
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